Buying Guides

Vacuum distillation only works if your pump reaches the pressure the method assumes. Real pump and evaporator vacuum specs, plus the gauge-vs-absolute trap.

Gravity filtration vs vacuum filtration: gravity gives falling head, vacuum pulls to -0.095 MPa. See our decision table on real 10L-50L ZF unit specs.

Useful numbers for cell culture that go past the flask: reference tables of real vessel volumes, materials, sterilization and control loops from 1L to 500L.

Simple distillation works in one vaporisation step, so the textbook wants 25 °C between boiling points. See how vacuum moves that limit and which rig fits.

How liquid-liquid extraction works: partition, solvent choice, phase split, plus the 10L-50L vacuum glass vessels and solvent recovery that scale it up.

Bioreactor types compared: stirred-tank, airlift and single-use, mapped to real 1-10 L glass and 10-500 L steel vessels, plus the scale band each stops at.

A distillation apparatus is a flask, condenser, receiver and vacuum source. See the parts, the assembly order, joint sizes and how to size the vacuum pump.

How does a chiller work? We break down the refrigerant loop, the pump side, and why sealed baths beat open ones below 0 C, plus real DLSB spec tables.

A continuous stirred tank reactor feeds and discharges while it mixes. How a CSTR works, what tau = V/v0 means, and the 50 L and 100 L vessels behind it.