Buying Guides

How does a chiller work? We break down the refrigerant loop, the pump side, and why sealed baths beat open ones below 0 C, plus real DLSB spec tables.

A continuous stirred tank reactor feeds and discharges while it mixes. How a CSTR works, what tau = V/v0 means, and the 50 L and 100 L vessels behind it.

How essential oil steam distillation works, what a distillation kit really contains, and the rotary evaporator step that turns leftover hydrosol into product.

The alcohol fermentation equation is C6H12O6 to 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2. See the CO2 mass balance it forces on your vessel and which lab fermentation tank runs it.

How a rotary vane vacuum pump works, why solvent vapour wrecks its oil seal, and when a water-ring pump wins instead. Compare real specs before you buy.

The distillation of alcohol enriches ethanol by boiling and condensing. See the process steps, the 95.6% azeotrope ceiling and real 10L-50L equipment specs.

A magnetic stirrer spins a stir bar via a rotating magnet under the plate. See how coupling works, where it fails, and the full DF-101 spec table.

Set up a Buchner funnel correctly: seat and wet the paper, pull vacuum before you pour, break the seal last. Plus the 10-100 L stainless units for scale-up.

Fractional distillation separates close-boiling liquids by repeated vapor-liquid cycles up a column. See the principle, the apparatus, the run and its limits.